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Censorship in Turkey - Wikipedia. Turkey. Censorship in Turkey is regulated by domestic and international legislation, the latter (in theory) taking precedence over domestic law, according to Article 9.
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Constitution of Turkey (so amended in 2. Despite legal provisions, media freedom in Turkey has steadily deteriorated from 2.
July 2. 01. 6.[2][3] President Tayyip Erdoğan has arrested hundreds of journalists, closed or taken over dozens of media outlets, and prevented journalists and their families from traveling. By some accounts, Turkey currently accounts for one- third of all journalists imprisoned around the world.[4]Since 2. Freedom House ranks Turkey as "Not Free".[2]Reporters Without Borders ranked Turkey at the 1. Mexico and DR Congo, with a score of 4.
In the third quarter of 2. Turkish press agency Bianet recorded a strengthening of attacks on the opposition media during the AKP interim government.[6] Bianet's final 2. AKP interim government period, the Turkish government further intensified its pressure on the country's media.[7]According to Freedom House,The government enacted new laws that expanded both the state’s power to block websites and the surveillance capability of the National Intelligence Organization (MİT). Journalists faced unprecedented legal obstacles as the courts restricted reporting on corruption and national security issues. The authorities also continued to aggressively use the penal code, criminal defamation laws, and the antiterrorism law to crack down on journalists and media outlets. Verbal attacks on journalists by senior politicians—including Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the incumbent prime minister who was elected president in August—were often followed by harassment and even death threats against the targeted journalists on social media. Meanwhile, the government continued to use the financial and other leverage it holds over media owners to influence coverage of politically sensitive issues.
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Several dozen journalists, including prominent columnists, lost their jobs as a result of such pressure during the year, and those who remained had to operate in a climate of increasing self- censorship and media polarization.[2]In 2. Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) ranked Turkey as the worst journalist jailer in the world (ahead of Iran and China), with 4. Twitter's 2. 01. 4 Transparency Report showed that Turkey filed over five times more content removal requests to Twitter than any other country in the second half of 2.
During its 1. 2- year rule, the ruling AKP party has gradually expanded its control over media.[1. Today, numerous newspapers, TV channels and internet portals dubbed as Yandaş Medya ("Partisan Media") or Havuz Medyası ("Pool Media") continue their heavy pro- government propaganda.[1. Several media groups receive preferential treatment in exchange for AKP- friendly editorial policies.[1. Some of these media organizations were acquired by AKP- friendly businesses through questionable funds and processes.[1.
Media not friendly to AKP, on the other hand, are threatened with intimidation, inspections and fines.[1. These media group owners face similar threats to their other businesses.[1. An increasing number of columnists have been fired for criticizing the AKP leadership.[1. History[edit]Regional censorship predates the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. On 1. 5 February 1. Ottoman Empire issued law governing printing houses ("Basmahane Nizamnamesi"); books first had to be shown to the governor, who forwarded them to commission for education ("Maarif Meclisi") and the police.
If no objection was made, the Sultanate would then inspect them. Without censure from the Sultan books could not be legally issued.[2. On 2. 4 July 1. 90. Second Constitutional Era, censorship was lifted; however, newspapers publishing stories that were deemed a danger to interior or exterior State security were closed.[2. Between 1. 90. 9 and 1.
Hasan Fehmi, Ahmet Samim, Zeki Bey, and Hasan Tahsin (Silahçı).[2. Following the Turkish War of Independence, the Sheikh Said rebellion was used as pretext for implementing martial law ("Takrir- i Sükun Yasası") on March 4, 1. Tevhid- i Efkar, Sebül Reşat, Aydınlık, Resimli Ay, and Vatan, were closed and several journalists arrested and tried at the Independence Courts.[2. During World War II (1. Cumhuriyet (5 times, for 5 months and 9 days), Tan (7 times, for 2 months and 1.
Vatan (9 times, for 7 months and 2. When the Democratic Party under Adnan Menderes came to power in 1. The Press Law changed, sentences and fines were increased. Several newspapers were ordered shut, including the dailies Ulus (unlimited ban), Hürriyet, Tercüman, and Hergün (two weeks each). In April 1. 96. 0, a so- called investigation commission ("Tahkikat Komisyonu") was established by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. It was given the power to confiscate publications, close papers and printing houses.
Anyone not following the decisions of the commission were subject to imprisonment, between one and three years.[2. Freedom of speech was heavily restricted after the 1.
General Kenan Evren. During the 1. 98. Kurdish issue), and the role of the military in politics risked reprisal.[2.
Article 8 of the Anti- Terror Law (Law 3. Despite its name, the Anti- Terror Law punished many non- violent offences.[2. Pacifists have been imprisoned under Article 8. For example, publisher Fatih Tas was prosecuted in 2. Article 8 at Istanbul State Security Court for translating and publishing writings by Noam Chomsky, summarizing the history of human rights violations in southeast Turkey; he was acquitted, however, in February 2.
Prominent female publisher Ayse Nur Zarakolu, who was described by The New York Times as "[o]ne of the most relentless challengers to Turkey's press laws", was imprisoned under Article 8 four times.[2. Since 2. 01. 1, the AKP government has increased restrictions on freedom of speech, freedom of the press and internet use,[2. It has also developed links with media groups, and used administrative and legal measures (including, in one case, a $2. AKP has built an informal, powerful, coalition of party- affiliated businessmen and media outlets whose livelihoods depend on the political order that Erdogan is constructing. Those who resist do so at their own risk."[3. Since his time as prime minister through to his presidency Erdogan has sought to control the press, forbidding coverage, restricting internet use and stepping up repression on journalists and media outlets.[3.
NTV broadcast van covered with protest graffiti during the 2. Turkey, in response to relative lack of coverage of mainstream media of the protests, 1 June 2. Foreign media noted that, particularly in the early days (3.
May – 2 June 2. 01. Gezi Park protests, the events attracted relatively little mainstream media coverage in Turkey, due to either government pressure on media groups' business interests or simply ideological sympathy by media outlets.[3. The BBC noted that while some outlets are aligned with the AKP or are personally close to Erdoğan, "most mainstream media outlets – such as TV news channels Haber. Turk and NTV, and the major centrist daily Milliyet – are loath to irritate the government because their owners' business interests at times rely on government support.
All of these have tended to steer clear of covering the demonstrations."[3. Ulusal Kanal and Halk TV provided extensive live coverage from Gezi park.[3. Turkey’s Journalists Union estimated that at least "7. May 2. 01. 3 due to pressure from the AKP government. Kemal Kilicdaroglu, head of the Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (CHP) party, said 6.
We are now facing a new period where the media is controlled by the government and the police and where most media bosses take orders from political authorities.” The government says most of the imprisoned journalists have been detained for serious crimes, like membership in an armed terrorist group, that are not related to journalism.[3. Bianet's periodical reports on freedom of the press in Turkey published in October 2. AKP interim government in the third quarter of 2. Bianet recorded the censorship of 1. Twitter accounts, 1. The increased criminalisation of the media follows the freezing of the Kurdish peace process and the failure of AKP to obtain an outright majority at the June 2. Several journalists and editors are tried for being allegedly members of unlawful organisations, linked to either Kurds or the Gülen movement, others for alleged insults to religion and to the President.